If we now use 5 harmonic components (1, 3, 5, 7 & 9) to construct the square wave we see it really starting to take shape (Figure 2). By adding these two together we get the black trace which is starting to resemble a square wave. When the first harmonic is at its maximum value the third harmonic is at its minimum value. We can see here that the red trace is the first harmonic (fundamental) and the green trace is the third harmonic at its correct amplitude. If we construct a square wave from just the first 2 harmonic components we can begin to see how the square shape occurs (Figure 1). Each harmonic has the same phase relationship to the fundamental. The amplitude of the harmonics is equal to 1/N where N is the harmonic (1, 3, 5, 7…). A square wave consists of a fundamental sine wave (of the same frequency as the square wave) and odd harmonics of the fundamental. A complex waveform can be constructed from, or decomposed into, sine (and cosine) waves of various amplitude and phase relationships. First let’s look at a square wave and see what causes it to have its square shape. I thought it might be useful to expound on this a bit. Questions like “What causes it to have its square shape?” will be addressed.Ī recent thread on the SAC listserv “Looking for a new DMM” generated a lot of good discussion about transients, clipping, square waves and DC. By Charlie Hughes In this article, Charlie takes square waves to a deeper level.
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